Part 11.B then explores and probes the three separate behaviors that I refer to as "volunteer discrimination" to demonstrate how these distinct acts of accommodating, distancing, and resigned modeling not only do not contradict claims of racial stereotyping but can actually work to reify and stabilize racial hierarchies. As a background for understanding the phenomenon of "volunteer discrimination," Part II.A analyzes and explains how race is socially constructed by markers for racial identity, which include not only skin color, but more importantly, characteristics that revolve around how one performs his or her race, such as hairstyle, dress, and voice. In so doing, this Part explicates the various ways in which Blacks are pressured to perform their racial identity in order to advance in society - in particular, the ways in which outsiders often must conform to traditional standards of appearance and must distinguish themselves from the "bad outsiders" or the "bad Blacks" to succeed within the dominant culture. Part II examines how some Blacks' defense of the allegedly discriminatory NBA appearance policy does not in itself negate claims of racial discrimination. Part I of this Essay describes the new NBA dress code and then lays the framework for the discussions that ensued after the implementation of the code.
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